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 // This file is part of the ACTS project.
 //
 // Copyright (C) 2016 CERN for the benefit of the ACTS project
 //
 // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/TrackParametrization.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/ParticleHypothesis.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackProxy.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackProxyCommon.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/TrackProxyConcept.hpp"
 #include "Acts/EventData/Types.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/HashedString.hpp"
 
 #include <any>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <type_traits>
 
 namespace Acts {
 
 class Surface;
 
 namespace detail_anytrack {
 
 using ParametersMap = detail_tpc::ParametersMap;
 using ConstParametersMap = detail_tpc::ConstParametersMap;
 using CovarianceMap = detail_tpc::CovarianceMap;
 using ConstCovarianceMap = detail_tpc::ConstCovarianceMap;
 
 /// Base class for read-only track handlers
 /// Provides accessors that return const references to the underlying data
 class TrackHandlerConstBase {
  public:
   virtual ~TrackHandlerConstBase() = default;
 
   /// Get the reference surface
   virtual const Surface* referenceSurface(const void* container,
                                           TrackIndexType index) const = 0;
 
   /// Check if track has a reference surface
   virtual bool hasReferenceSurface(const void* container,
                                    TrackIndexType index) const = 0;
 
   /// Get the particle hypothesis
   virtual ParticleHypothesis particleHypothesis(const void* container,
                                                 TrackIndexType index) const = 0;
 
   /// Get parameter vector
   virtual ConstParametersMap parameters(const void* container,
                                         TrackIndexType index) const = 0;
 
   /// Get covariance matrix
   virtual ConstCovarianceMap covariance(const void* container,
                                         TrackIndexType index) const = 0;
 
   /// Get number of track states
   virtual unsigned int nTrackStates(const void* container,
                                     TrackIndexType index) const = 0;
 
   /// Check if track has a specific dynamic column
   virtual bool hasColumn(const void* container, HashedString key) const = 0;
 
   /// Get a dynamic column component (type-erased)
   virtual std::any component(const void* container, TrackIndexType index,
                              HashedString key) const = 0;
 };
 
 /// Base class for mutable track handlers.
 /// Extends the const interface with mutable references to the data.
 class TrackHandlerMutableBase : public TrackHandlerConstBase {
  public:
   using TrackHandlerConstBase::component;
   using TrackHandlerConstBase::covariance;
   using TrackHandlerConstBase::parameters;
 
   /// Get mutable parameter vector
   virtual ParametersMap parameters(void* container,
                                    TrackIndexType index) const = 0;
 
   /// Get mutable covariance matrix
   virtual CovarianceMap covariance(void* container,
                                    TrackIndexType index) const = 0;
 
   /// Get mutable dynamic column component (type-erased)
   virtual std::any component(void* container, TrackIndexType index,
                              HashedString key) const = 0;
 };
 
 template <typename container_t>
 struct TrackHandlerTraits {
   using Container = std::remove_const_t<container_t>;
   static constexpr bool ReadOnly =
       std::is_const_v<container_t> || Container::ReadOnly;
 };
 
 /// Concrete handler for a specific track container type
 /// This templated class provides static instances that implement the virtual
 /// interface for a specific track container type. The static instance approach
 /// avoids heap allocation per handle.
 template <typename container_t,
           bool read_only = TrackHandlerTraits<container_t>::ReadOnly>
 class TrackHandler;
 
 template <typename container_t>
 class TrackHandler<container_t, true> final : public TrackHandlerConstBase {
   using ContainerType = typename TrackHandlerTraits<container_t>::Container;
 
  public:
   /// Get the singleton instance for this track container type
   static const TrackHandler& instance() {
     static const TrackHandler s_instance;
     return s_instance;
   }
 
   const Surface* referenceSurface(const void* container,
                                   TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return &tc->getTrack(index).referenceSurface();
   }
 
   bool hasReferenceSurface(const void* container,
                            TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).hasReferenceSurface();
   }
 
   ParticleHypothesis particleHypothesis(const void* container,
                                         TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).particleHypothesis();
   }
 
   ConstParametersMap parameters(const void* container,
                                 TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).parameters();
   }
 
   ConstCovarianceMap covariance(const void* container,
                                 TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).covariance();
   }
 
   unsigned int nTrackStates(const void* container,
                             TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).nTrackStates();
   }
 
   bool hasColumn(const void* container, HashedString key) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->hasColumn(key);
   }
 
   std::any component(const void* container, TrackIndexType index,
                      HashedString key) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->container().component_impl(key, index);
   }
 
  private:
   TrackHandler() = default;
 };
 
 template <typename container_t>
 class TrackHandler<container_t, false> final : public TrackHandlerMutableBase {
   using ContainerType = typename TrackHandlerTraits<container_t>::Container;
 
  public:
   /// Get the singleton instance for this track container type
   static const TrackHandler& instance() {
     static const TrackHandler s_instance;
     return s_instance;
   }
 
   const Surface* referenceSurface(const void* container,
                                   TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return &tc->getTrack(index).referenceSurface();
   }
 
   bool hasReferenceSurface(const void* container,
                            TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).hasReferenceSurface();
   }
 
   ParticleHypothesis particleHypothesis(const void* container,
                                         TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).particleHypothesis();
   }
 
   ConstParametersMap parameters(const void* container,
                                 TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).parameters();
   }
 
   ParametersMap parameters(void* container,
                            TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     auto* tc = static_cast<ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).parameters();
   }
 
   ConstCovarianceMap covariance(const void* container,
                                 TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).covariance();
   }
 
   CovarianceMap covariance(void* container,
                            TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     auto* tc = static_cast<ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).covariance();
   }
 
   unsigned int nTrackStates(const void* container,
                             TrackIndexType index) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->getTrack(index).nTrackStates();
   }
 
   bool hasColumn(const void* container, HashedString key) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->hasColumn(key);
   }
 
   std::any component(const void* container, TrackIndexType index,
                      HashedString key) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     const auto* tc = static_cast<const ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->container().component_impl(key, index);
   }
 
   std::any component(void* container, TrackIndexType index,
                      HashedString key) const override {
     assert(container != nullptr);
     auto* tc = static_cast<ContainerType*>(container);
     return tc->container().component_impl(key, index);
   }
 
  private:
   TrackHandler() = default;
 };
 
 }  // namespace detail_anytrack
 
 /// Type-erased track object
 /// This class provides a type-erased interface to track proxies without
 /// requiring heap allocation per instance. It stores a pointer to the track
 /// container and the track index, similar to how TrackProxy works internally.
 ///
 /// The object does not take ownership of the container - the container must
 /// outlive the object.
 ///
 /// @tparam read_only If true, provides read-only access to the track
 ///
 /// Usage:
 /// @code
 /// TrackContainer tracks = ...;
 /// auto track = tracks.getTrack(0);
 /// AnyMutableTrack AnyTrackProxy(track);  // Mutable track
 /// AnyConstTrack constTrack(track);  // Read-only track
 /// std::cout << "Chi2: " << AnyTrackProxy.chi2() << std::endl;
 /// @endcode
 template <bool read_only = true>
 class AnyTrackProxy : public TrackProxyCommon<AnyTrackProxy<read_only>,
                                               TrackIndexType, read_only> {
   using Base =
       TrackProxyCommon<AnyTrackProxy<read_only>, TrackIndexType, read_only>;
 
  public:
   /// Indicates whether this track is read-only
   static constexpr bool ReadOnly = read_only;
 
   /// Alias for the mutable version
   using MutableTrackHandle = AnyTrackProxy<false>;
 
   /// Alias for the const version
   using ConstTrackHandle = AnyTrackProxy<true>;
   using ConstProxyType = AnyTrackProxy<true>;
 
   using ParametersMap = detail_anytrack::ParametersMap;
   using ConstParametersMap = detail_anytrack::ConstParametersMap;
   using CovarianceMap = detail_anytrack::CovarianceMap;
   using ConstCovarianceMap = detail_anytrack::ConstCovarianceMap;
 
   using ContainerPointer = std::conditional_t<ReadOnly, const void*, void*>;
   using HandlerPointer =
       std::conditional_t<ReadOnly,
                          const detail_anytrack::TrackHandlerConstBase*,
                          const detail_anytrack::TrackHandlerMutableBase*>;
 
   /// Copy constructor: const to const or mutable to mutable
   /// @param other the other track
   AnyTrackProxy(const AnyTrackProxy& other) = default;
 
   /// Copy assignment operator: const to const or mutable to mutable
   /// @param other the other track
   /// @return reference to this track
   AnyTrackProxy& operator=(const AnyTrackProxy& other) = default;
 
  private:
   /// Constructor from mutable track
   /// @note Only available if this is read-only
   /// @param other the other track
   explicit AnyTrackProxy(const MutableTrackHandle& other)
     requires ReadOnly
       : m_container(other.m_container),
         m_index(other.m_index),
         m_handler(other.m_handler) {}
 
   /// Copy assignment operator from mutable track
   /// @note Only available if this is read-only
   /// @param other the other track
   /// @return reference to this track
   AnyTrackProxy& operator=(const MutableTrackHandle& other)
     requires ReadOnly
   {
     m_container = other.m_container;
     m_index = other.m_index;
     m_handler = other.m_handler;
     return *this;
   }
 
  public:
   /// Construct from a concrete track proxy
   /// @tparam track_proxy_t The concrete track proxy type
   /// @param track The track proxy to wrap
   /// @note Does not take ownership. The track container must outlive this object.
   /// @note AnyConstTrack can be constructed from both mutable and const track proxies.
   ///       AnyMutableTrack can only be constructed from mutable track proxies.
   template <TrackProxyConcept track_proxy_t>
     requires(ReadOnly || !track_proxy_t::ReadOnly)
   explicit AnyTrackProxy(track_proxy_t track)
       : m_container(nullptr), m_index(track.m_index), m_handler(nullptr) {
     using container_t = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(*track.m_container)>;
     auto* containerPtr = &(*track.m_container);
     if constexpr (ReadOnly) {
       m_container = static_cast<const void*>(containerPtr);
     } else {
       m_container = static_cast<void*>(containerPtr);
     }
     m_handler = &detail_anytrack::TrackHandler<container_t>::instance();
   }
 
   /// Get the index of this track
   /// @return The track index
   TrackIndexType index() const { return m_index; }
 
   /// Get the reference surface
   /// @return Reference to the reference surface
   const Surface& referenceSurface() const {
     const Surface* surface =
         constHandler()->referenceSurface(containerPtr(), m_index);
     assert(surface != nullptr);
     return *surface;
   }
 
   /// Check if track has a reference surface
   /// @return true if a reference surface exists
   bool hasReferenceSurface() const {
     return constHandler()->hasReferenceSurface(containerPtr(), m_index);
   }
 
   /// Get the particle hypothesis
   /// @return The particle hypothesis
   ParticleHypothesis particleHypothesis() const {
     return constHandler()->particleHypothesis(containerPtr(), m_index);
   }
 
   /// Get the bound parameters map
   ConstParametersMap parameters() const {
     return constHandler()->parameters(containerPtr(), m_index);
   }
 
   /// Get the mutable bound parameters map
   ParametersMap parameters()
     requires(!ReadOnly)
   {
     return mutableHandler()->parameters(mutableContainerPtr(), m_index);
   }
 
   /// Get a parameter value by index
   /// @param i The parameter index
   /// @return The parameter value
   double parameter(std::size_t i) const { return parameters()[i]; }
 
   /// Get a mutable reference to a parameter component
   /// @param i The parameter index
   /// @return Mutable reference to the value
   double& parameter(std::size_t i)
     requires(!ReadOnly)
   {
     auto params = parameters();
     return params[i];
   }
 
   /// Get the covariance map
   ConstCovarianceMap covariance() const {
     return constHandler()->covariance(containerPtr(), m_index);
   }
 
   /// Get the mutable covariance map
   CovarianceMap covariance()
     requires(!ReadOnly)
   {
     return mutableHandler()->covariance(mutableContainerPtr(), m_index);
   }
 
   /// Get a covariance matrix element
   /// @param i Row index
   /// @param j Column index
   /// @return The covariance element
   double covariance(std::size_t i, std::size_t j) const {
     return covariance()(i, j);
   }
 
   /// Get a mutable reference to a covariance element
   /// @param i Row index
   /// @param j Column index
   /// @return Mutable reference to the covariance value
   double& covariance(std::size_t i, std::size_t j)
     requires(!ReadOnly)
   {
     auto cov = covariance();
     return cov(i, j);
   }
 
   using Base::absoluteMomentum;
   using Base::charge;
   using Base::fourMomentum;
   using Base::loc0;
   using Base::loc1;
   using Base::phi;
   using Base::qOverP;
   using Base::theta;
   using Base::time;
   using Base::transverseMomentum;
 
   /// Get the number of track states
   /// @return The number of track states
   unsigned int nTrackStates() const {
     return constHandler()->nTrackStates(containerPtr(), m_index);
   }
 
   /// Check if the track has a specific dynamic column
   /// @param key The hashed column key
   /// @return true if the column exists
   bool hasColumn(HashedString key) const {
     return constHandler()->hasColumn(containerPtr(), key);
   }
 
   /// Get a mutable reference to a dynamic column component
   /// @tparam T The type of the component
   /// @tparam key String key for the component to access
   /// @return Mutable reference to the component
   /// @note Only available if ReadOnly is false
   template <typename T, HashedString key>
   T& component()
     requires(!ReadOnly)
   {
     std::any result =
         mutableHandler()->component(mutableContainerPtr(), m_index, key);
     return *std::any_cast<T*>(result);
   }
 
   /// Get a mutable reference to a dynamic column component
   /// @tparam T The type of the component
   /// @param key String key for the component to access
   /// @return Mutable reference to the component
   /// @note Only available if ReadOnly is false
   template <typename T>
   T& component(HashedString key)
     requires(!ReadOnly)
   {
     std::any result =
         mutableHandler()->component(mutableContainerPtr(), m_index, key);
     return *std::any_cast<T*>(result);
   }
 
   /// Get a const reference to a dynamic column component
   /// @tparam T The type of the component
   /// @tparam key String key for the component to access
   /// @return Const reference to the component
   template <typename T, HashedString key>
   const T& component() const {
     std::any result = constHandler()->component(containerPtr(), m_index, key);
     return *std::any_cast<const T*>(result);
   }
 
   /// Get a const reference to a dynamic column component
   /// @tparam T The type of the component
   /// @param key String key for the component to access
   /// @return Const reference to the component
   template <typename T>
   const T& component(HashedString key) const {
     std::any result = constHandler()->component(containerPtr(), m_index, key);
     return *std::any_cast<const T*>(result);
   }
 
  private:
   template <bool R>
   friend class AnyTrackProxy;
 
   const detail_anytrack::TrackHandlerConstBase* constHandler() const {
     return m_handler;
   }
 
   const detail_anytrack::TrackHandlerMutableBase* mutableHandler() const
     requires(!ReadOnly)
   {
     return m_handler;
   }
 
   const void* containerPtr() const {
     if constexpr (ReadOnly) {
       return m_container;
     } else {
       return static_cast<const void*>(m_container);
     }
   }
 
   void* mutableContainerPtr() const
     requires(!ReadOnly)
   {
     return m_container;
   }
 
   /// Pointer to the track container (non-owning)
   ContainerPointer m_container;
 
   /// Track index within the container
   TrackIndexType m_index;
 
   /// Pointer to the static handler instance
   HandlerPointer m_handler;
 };
 
 /// Alias for read-only type-erased track
 using AnyConstTrackProxy = AnyTrackProxy<true>;
 
 /// Alias for mutable type-erased track (though currently all operations are
 /// const)
 using AnyMutableTrackProxy = AnyTrackProxy<false>;
 
 static_assert(ConstTrackProxyConcept<AnyConstTrackProxy>);
 static_assert(MutableTrackProxyConcept<AnyMutableTrackProxy>);
 
 }  // namespace Acts

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