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 /*!
  * \file PHG4MicromegasHitReco.cc
  * \author Hugo Pereira Da Costa <hugo.pereira-da-costa@cea.fr>
  */
 
 #include "PHG4MicromegasHitReco.h"
 
 #include <fun4all/Fun4AllReturnCodes.h>
 #include <fun4all/SubsysReco.h>  // for SubsysReco
 
 #include <g4detectors/PHG4CylinderGeom.h>
 #include <g4detectors/PHG4CylinderGeomContainer.h>
 
 #include <g4main/PHG4Hit.h>
 #include <g4main/PHG4HitContainer.h>
 #include <g4main/PHG4Hitv1.h>
 
 #include <micromegas/CylinderGeomMicromegas.h>
 #include <micromegas/MicromegasDefs.h>
 
 #include <phool/PHCompositeNode.h>
 #include <phool/PHIODataNode.h>
 #include <phool/PHNode.h>
 #include <phool/PHNodeIterator.h>
 #include <phool/PHObject.h>  // for PHObject
 #include <phool/PHRandomSeed.h>
 #include <phool/getClass.h>
 #include <phool/phool.h>
 
 #include <phparameter/PHParameterInterface.h>  // for PHParameterInterface
 
 #include <trackbase/ActsGeometry.h>
 #include <trackbase/TrkrDefs.h>
 #include <trackbase/TrkrHitSet.h>
 #include <trackbase/TrkrHitSetContainerv1.h>
 #include <trackbase/TrkrHitTruthAssocv1.h>
 #include <trackbase/TrkrHitv2.h>
 
 #include <TVector2.h>
 #include <TVector3.h>
 
 #include <gsl/gsl_randist.h>
 #include <gsl/gsl_rng.h>  // for gsl_rng_alloc
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cmath>     // for atan2, sqrt, M_PI
 #include <cstdlib>   // for exit
 #include <iostream>  // for operator<<, basic...
 #include <map>       // for _Rb_tree_const_it...
 #include <numeric>
 
 namespace
 {
   //! convenient square function
   template <class T>
   inline constexpr T square(const T& x)
   {
     return x * x;
   }
 
   //! return normalized gaussian centered on zero and of width sigma
   template <class T>
   inline T gaus(const T& x, const T& sigma)
   {
     return std::exp(-square(x / sigma) / 2) / (sigma * std::sqrt(2 * M_PI));
   }
 
   //! bind angle to [-M_PI,+M_PI[. This is useful to avoid edge effects when making the difference between two angles
   template <class T>
   inline T bind_angle(const T& angle)
   {
     if (angle >= M_PI)
     {
       return angle - 2 * M_PI;
     }
     else if (angle < -M_PI)
     {
       return angle + 2 * M_PI;
     }
     else
     {
       return angle;
     }
   }
 
   // this corresponds to integrating a gaussian centered on zero and of width sigma from xloc - pitch/2 to xloc+pitch/2
   template <class T>
   inline T get_rectangular_fraction(const T& xloc, const T& sigma, const T& pitch)
   {
     return (std::erf((xloc + pitch / 2) / (M_SQRT2 * sigma)) - std::erf((xloc - pitch / 2) / (M_SQRT2 * sigma))) / 2;
   }
 
   /*
   this corresponds to integrating a gaussian centered on zero and of width sigma
   convoluted with a zig-zag strip response function, which is triangular from xloc-pitch to xloc+pitch, with a maximum of 1 at xloc
   */
   template <class T>
   inline T get_zigzag_fraction(const T& xloc, const T& sigma, const T& pitch)
   {
     return
         // rising edge
         (pitch - xloc) * (std::erf(xloc / (M_SQRT2 * sigma)) - std::erf((xloc - pitch) / (M_SQRT2 * sigma))) / (pitch * 2) + (gaus(xloc - pitch, sigma) - gaus(xloc, sigma)) * square(sigma) / pitch
 
         // descending edge
         + (pitch + xloc) * (std::erf((xloc + pitch) / (M_SQRT2 * sigma)) - std::erf(xloc / (M_SQRT2 * sigma))) / (pitch * 2) + (gaus(xloc + pitch, sigma) - gaus(xloc, sigma)) * square(sigma) / pitch;
   }
 
   // TVector3 streamer
   [[maybe_unused]] inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const TVector3& position)
   {
     out << "(" << position.x() << ", " << position.y() << ", " << position.z() << ")";
     return out;
   }
 
 }  // namespace
 
 //___________________________________________________________________________
 PHG4MicromegasHitReco::PHG4MicromegasHitReco(const std::string& name)
   : SubsysReco(name)
   , PHParameterInterface(name)
 {
   // initialize rng
   const uint seed = PHRandomSeed();
   m_rng.reset(gsl_rng_alloc(gsl_rng_mt19937));
   gsl_rng_set(m_rng.get(), seed);
 
   InitializeParameters();
 }
 
 //___________________________________________________________________________
 int PHG4MicromegasHitReco::InitRun(PHCompositeNode* topNode)
 {
   UpdateParametersWithMacro();
 
   // load parameters
   m_tmin = get_double_param("micromegas_tmin");
   m_tmax = get_double_param("micromegas_tmax");
   m_electrons_per_gev = get_double_param("micromegas_electrons_per_gev");
   m_gain = get_double_param("micromegas_gain");
   m_cloud_sigma = get_double_param("micromegas_cloud_sigma");
   m_diffusion_trans = get_double_param("micromegas_diffusion_trans");
   m_added_smear_sigma_z = get_double_param("micromegas_added_smear_sigma_z");
   m_added_smear_sigma_rphi = get_double_param("micromegas_added_smear_sigma_rphi");
 
   // printout
   std::cout
       << "PHG4MicromegasHitReco::InitRun\n"
       << " m_tmin: " << m_tmin << "ns, m_tmax: " << m_tmax << "ns\n"
       << " m_electrons_per_gev: " << m_electrons_per_gev << "\n"
       << " m_gain: " << m_gain << "\n"
       << " m_cloud_sigma: " << m_cloud_sigma << "cm\n"
       << " m_diffusion_trans: " << m_diffusion_trans << "cm/sqrt(cm)\n"
       << " m_added_smear_sigma_z: " << m_added_smear_sigma_z << "cm\n"
       << " m_added_smear_sigma_rphi: " << m_added_smear_sigma_rphi << "cm\n"
       << std::endl;
 
   // get dst node
   PHNodeIterator iter(topNode);
   auto dstNode = dynamic_cast<PHCompositeNode*>(iter.findFirst("PHCompositeNode", "DST"));
   if (!dstNode)
   {
     std::cout << "PHG4MicromegasHitReco::InitRun - DST Node missing, doing nothing." << std::endl;
     exit(1);
   }
 
   // create hitset container if needed
   auto hitsetcontainer = findNode::getClass<TrkrHitSetContainer>(topNode, "TRKR_HITSET");
   if (!hitsetcontainer)
   {
     std::cout << "PHG4MicromegasHitReco::InitRun - creating TRKR_HITSET." << std::endl;
 
     // find or create TRKR node
     PHNodeIterator dstiter(dstNode);
     auto trkrnode = dynamic_cast<PHCompositeNode*>(dstiter.findFirst("PHCompositeNode", "TRKR"));
     if (!trkrnode)
     {
       trkrnode = new PHCompositeNode("TRKR");
       dstNode->addNode(trkrnode);
     }
 
     // create container and add to the tree
     hitsetcontainer = new TrkrHitSetContainerv1;
     auto newNode = new PHIODataNode<PHObject>(hitsetcontainer, "TRKR_HITSET", "PHObject");
     trkrnode->addNode(newNode);
   }
 
   // create hit truth association if needed
   auto hittruthassoc = findNode::getClass<TrkrHitTruthAssoc>(topNode, "TRKR_HITTRUTHASSOC");
   if (!hittruthassoc)
   {
     std::cout << "PHG4MicromegasHitReco::InitRun - creating TRKR_HITTRUTHASSOC." << std::endl;
 
     // find or create TRKR node
     PHNodeIterator dstiter(dstNode);
     auto trkrnode = dynamic_cast<PHCompositeNode*>(dstiter.findFirst("PHCompositeNode", "TRKR"));
     if (!trkrnode)
     {
       trkrnode = new PHCompositeNode("TRKR");
       dstNode->addNode(trkrnode);
     }
 
     hittruthassoc = new TrkrHitTruthAssocv1;
     auto newNode = new PHIODataNode<PHObject>(hittruthassoc, "TRKR_HITTRUTHASSOC", "PHObject");
     trkrnode->addNode(newNode);
   }
 
   return Fun4AllReturnCodes::EVENT_OK;
 }
 
 //___________________________________________________________________________
 int PHG4MicromegasHitReco::process_event(PHCompositeNode* topNode)
 {
   // load relevant nodes
   // G4Hits
   auto g4hitcontainer = findNode::getClass<PHG4HitContainer>(topNode, "G4HIT_MICROMEGAS");
   assert(g4hitcontainer);
 
   // acts geometry
   m_acts_geometry = findNode::getClass<ActsGeometry>(topNode, "ActsGeometry");
   assert(m_acts_geometry);
 
   // geometry
   const auto geonodename = full_geonodename();
   auto geonode = findNode::getClass<PHG4CylinderGeomContainer>(topNode, geonodename.c_str());
   assert(geonode);
 
   // Get the TrkrHitSetContainer node
   auto trkrhitsetcontainer = findNode::getClass<TrkrHitSetContainer>(topNode, "TRKR_HITSET");
   assert(trkrhitsetcontainer);
 
   // Get the TrkrHitTruthAssoc node
   auto hittruthassoc = findNode::getClass<TrkrHitTruthAssoc>(topNode, "TRKR_HITTRUTHASSOC");
   assert(hittruthassoc);
 
   // loop over layers in the g4hit container
   auto layer_range = g4hitcontainer->getLayers();
   for (auto layer_it = layer_range.first; layer_it != layer_range.second; ++layer_it)
   {
     // get layer
     const auto layer = *layer_it;
 
     // get relevant geometry
     auto layergeom = dynamic_cast<CylinderGeomMicromegas*>(geonode->GetLayerGeom(layer));
     assert(layergeom);
 
     /*
      * get the position of the detector mesh in local coordinates
      * in local coordinate the mesh is a plane perpendicular to the z axis
      * Its position along z depends on the drift direction
      * it is used to calculate the drift distance of the primary electrons, and the
      * corresponding transverse diffusion
      */
     const auto mesh_local_z = layergeom->get_drift_direction() == MicromegasDefs::DriftDirection::OUTWARD ? layergeom->get_thickness() / 2 : -layergeom->get_thickness() / 2;
 
     //     /*
     //      * get the radius of the detector mesh. It depends on the drift direction
     //      * it is used to calculate the drift distance of the primary electrons, and the
     //      * corresponding transverse diffusion
     //      */
     //       const auto mesh_radius = layergeom->get_drift_direction() == MicromegasDefs::DriftDirection::OUTWARD ?
     //       (layergeom->get_radius() + layergeom->get_thickness()/2):
     //       (layergeom->get_radius() - layergeom->get_thickness()/2);
 
     // get hits
     const PHG4HitContainer::ConstRange g4hit_range = g4hitcontainer->getHits(layer);
 
     // loop over hits
     for (auto g4hit_it = g4hit_range.first; g4hit_it != g4hit_range.second; ++g4hit_it)
     {
       // get hit
       PHG4Hit* g4hit = g4hit_it->second;
 
       // check time window
       if (g4hit->get_t(0) > m_tmax)
       {
         continue;
       }
       if (g4hit->get_t(1) < m_tmin)
       {
         continue;
       }
 
       // get world coordinates
       TVector3 world_in(g4hit->get_x(0), g4hit->get_y(0), g4hit->get_z(0));
       TVector3 world_out(g4hit->get_x(1), g4hit->get_y(1), g4hit->get_z(1));
 
       // get tile id from g4hit
       const int tileid = g4hit->get_property_int(PHG4Hit::prop_index_i);
 
       // convert to local coordinate
       const auto local_in = layergeom->get_local_from_world_coords(tileid, m_acts_geometry, world_in);
       const auto local_out = layergeom->get_local_from_world_coords(tileid, m_acts_geometry, world_out);
 
       // number of primary elections
       const auto nprimary = get_primary_electrons(g4hit);
       if (!nprimary)
       {
         continue;
       }
 
       // create hitset
       const TrkrDefs::hitsetkey hitsetkey = MicromegasDefs::genHitSetKey(layer, layergeom->get_segmentation_type(), tileid);
       const auto hitset_it = trkrhitsetcontainer->findOrAddHitSet(hitsetkey);
 
       // keep track of all charges
       using charge_map_t = std::map<int, double>;
       charge_map_t total_charges;
 
       // loop over primaries
       for (uint ie = 0; ie < nprimary; ++ie)
       {
         // put the electron at a random position along the g4hit path
         // in local reference frame, drift occurs along the y axis, from local y to mesh_local_z
 
         const auto t = gsl_ran_flat(m_rng.get(), 0.0, 1.0);
         auto local = local_in * t + local_out * (1.0 - t);
 
         if (m_diffusion_trans > 0)
         {
           // add transeverse diffusion
           // first convert to polar coordinates
           const double z = local.z();
           const double drift_distance = std::abs(z - mesh_local_z);
           const double diffusion = gsl_ran_gaussian(m_rng.get(), m_diffusion_trans * std::sqrt(drift_distance));
           const double diffusion_angle = gsl_ran_flat(m_rng.get(), -M_PI, M_PI);
 
           // diffusion occurs in x,z plane with a magnitude 'diffusion' and an angle 'diffusion angle'
           local += TVector3(diffusion * std::cos(diffusion_angle), diffusion * std::sin(diffusion_angle), 0);
         }
 
         const auto& added_smear_sigma = layergeom->get_segmentation_type() == MicromegasDefs::SegmentationType::SEGMENTATION_PHI ? m_added_smear_sigma_rphi : m_added_smear_sigma_z;
 
         if (added_smear_sigma > 0)
         {
           // additional ad hoc smearing
           const double added_smear_trans = gsl_ran_gaussian(m_rng.get(), added_smear_sigma);
           const double added_smear_angle = gsl_ran_flat(m_rng.get(), -M_PI, M_PI);
           local += TVector3(added_smear_trans * std::cos(added_smear_angle), added_smear_trans * std::sin(added_smear_angle), 0);
         }
 
         // distribute charge among adjacent strips
         const auto fractions = distribute_charge(layergeom, tileid, {local.x(), local.y()}, m_cloud_sigma);
 
         // make sure fractions adds up to unity
         if (Verbosity() > 10)
         {
           const auto sum = std::accumulate(fractions.begin(), fractions.end(), double(0),
                                            [](double value, const charge_pair_t& pair)
                                            { return value + pair.second; });
           std::cout << "PHG4MicromegasHitReco::process_event - sum: " << sum << std::endl;
         }
 
         // generate gain for this electron
         const auto gain = get_single_electron_amplification();
 
         // merge to total charges
         for (const auto& pair : fractions)
         {
           const int strip = pair.first;
           if (strip < 0 || strip >= (int) layergeom->get_strip_count(tileid, m_acts_geometry))
           {
             continue;
           }
 
           const auto it = total_charges.lower_bound(strip);
           if (it != total_charges.end() && it->first == strip)
           {
             it->second += pair.second * gain;
           }
           else
           {
             total_charges.insert(it, std::make_pair(strip, pair.second * gain));
           }
         }
       }
 
       // generate the key for this hit
       // loop over strips in list
       for (const auto pair : total_charges)
       {
         // get strip and bound check
         const int strip = pair.first;
 
         // get hit from hitset
         TrkrDefs::hitkey hitkey = MicromegasDefs::genHitKey(strip);
         auto hit = hitset_it->second->getHit(hitkey);
         if (!hit)
         {
           // create hit and insert in hitset
           hit = new TrkrHitv2;
           hitset_it->second->addHitSpecificKey(hitkey, hit);
         }
 
         // add energy from g4hit
         hit->addEnergy(pair.second);
 
         // associate this hitset and hit to the geant4 hit key
         hittruthassoc->addAssoc(hitsetkey, hitkey, g4hit_it->first);
       }
     }
   }
 
   return Fun4AllReturnCodes::EVENT_OK;
 }
 
 //___________________________________________________________________________
 void PHG4MicromegasHitReco::SetDefaultParameters()
 {
   // default timing window (ns)
   /*
    * see https://indico.bnl.gov/event/8548/contributions/37753/attachments/28212/43343/2020_05_Proposal_sPhenixMonitoring_update_19052020.pptx slide 10
    * small negative time for tmin is set to catch out of time, same-bunch pileup events
    * similar value is used in PHG4InttReco
    */
   set_default_double_param("micromegas_tmin", -20);
   set_default_double_param("micromegas_tmax", 800);
 
   // gas data from
   // http://www.slac.stanford.edu/pubs/icfa/summer98/paper3/paper3.pdf
   // assume Ar/iC4H10 90/10, at 20C and 1atm
   // dedx (KeV/cm) for MIP
   static constexpr double Ar_dEdx = 2.44;
   static constexpr double iC4H10_dEdx = 5.93;
   static constexpr double mix_dEdx = 0.9 * Ar_dEdx + 0.1 * iC4H10_dEdx;
 
   // number of electrons per MIP (cm-1)
   static constexpr double Ar_ntot = 94;
   static constexpr double iC4H10_ntot = 195;
   static constexpr double mix_ntot = 0.9 * Ar_ntot + 0.1 * iC4H10_ntot;
 
   // number of electrons per gev
   static constexpr double mix_electrons_per_gev = 1e6 * mix_ntot / mix_dEdx;
   set_default_double_param("micromegas_electrons_per_gev", mix_electrons_per_gev);
 
   // gain
   set_default_double_param("micromegas_gain", 2000);
 
   // electron cloud sigma, after avalanche (cm)
   set_default_double_param("micromegas_cloud_sigma", 0.04);
 
   // transverse diffusion (cm/sqrt(cm))
   set_default_double_param("micromegas_diffusion_trans", 0.03);
 
   // additional smearing (cm)
   set_default_double_param("micromegas_added_smear_sigma_z", 0);
   set_default_double_param("micromegas_added_smear_sigma_rphi", 0);
 }
 
 //___________________________________________________________________________
 uint PHG4MicromegasHitReco::get_primary_electrons(PHG4Hit* g4hit) const
 {
   return gsl_ran_poisson(m_rng.get(), g4hit->get_eion() * m_electrons_per_gev);
 }
 
 //___________________________________________________________________________
 uint PHG4MicromegasHitReco::get_single_electron_amplification() const
 {
   /*
    * to handle gain fluctuations, an exponential distribution is used, similar to what used for the GEMS
    * (simulations/g4simulations/g4tpc/PHG4TpcPadPlaneReadout::getSingleEGEMAmplification)
    * One must get a different random number for each primary electron for this to be valid
    */
   return gsl_ran_exponential(m_rng.get(), m_gain);
 }
 
 //___________________________________________________________________________
 PHG4MicromegasHitReco::charge_list_t PHG4MicromegasHitReco::distribute_charge(
     CylinderGeomMicromegas* layergeom,
     uint tileid,
     const TVector2& local_coords,
     double sigma) const
 {
   // find tile and strip matching center position
   auto stripnum = layergeom->find_strip_from_local_coords(tileid, m_acts_geometry, local_coords);
 
   // check tile and strip
   if (stripnum < 0)
   {
     return charge_list_t();
   }
 
   // store pitch and radius
   const auto pitch = layergeom->get_pitch();
 
   // find relevant strip indices
   const auto strip_count = layergeom->get_strip_count(tileid, m_acts_geometry);
   const int nstrips = 5. * sigma / pitch + 1;
   const auto stripnum_min = std::clamp<int>(stripnum - nstrips, 0, strip_count);
   const auto stripnum_max = std::clamp<int>(stripnum + nstrips, 0, strip_count);
 
   // prepare charge list
   charge_list_t charge_list;
 
   // loop over strips
   for (int strip = stripnum_min; strip <= stripnum_max; ++strip)
   {
     // get strip center
     const auto strip_location = layergeom->get_local_coordinates(tileid, m_acts_geometry, strip);
 
     /*
      * find relevant strip coordinate with respect to location
      * in local coordinate, phi segmented view has strips along z and measures along x
      * in local coordinate, z segmented view has strips along phi and measures along y
      */
     const auto xloc = layergeom->get_segmentation_type() == MicromegasDefs::SegmentationType::SEGMENTATION_PHI ? (strip_location.X() - local_coords.X()) : (strip_location.Y() - local_coords.Y());
 
     // decide of whether zigzag or straight strips are used depending on segmentation type
     /*
      * for the real detector SEGMENTATION_Z view has zigzag strip due to large pitch (2mm)
      * whereas SEGMENTATION_PHI has straight strips
      */
     const bool zigzag_strips = (layergeom->get_segmentation_type() == MicromegasDefs::SegmentationType::SEGMENTATION_Z);
 
     // calculate charge fraction
     const auto fraction = zigzag_strips ? get_zigzag_fraction(xloc, sigma, pitch) : get_rectangular_fraction(xloc, sigma, pitch);
 
     // store
     charge_list.push_back(std::make_pair(strip, fraction));
   }
 
   return charge_list;
 }

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