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 // This file is part of the Acts project.
 //
 // Copyright (C) 2023 CERN for the benefit of the Acts project
 //
 // This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
 #include "Acts/Detector/detail/CylindricalDetectorHelper.hpp"
 
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Direction.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Definitions/Tolerance.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Detector/DetectorVolume.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Detector/Portal.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Detector/detail/DetectorVolumeConsistency.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Detector/detail/PortalHelper.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Geometry/CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/CylinderBounds.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/CylinderSurface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/DiscSurface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/PlanarBounds.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/PlaneSurface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/RadialBounds.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/RectangleBounds.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/Surface.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Surfaces/SurfaceBounds.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/BinningType.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Enumerate.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Grid.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/Helpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/StringHelpers.hpp"
 #include "Acts/Utilities/detail/Axis.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <map>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
 
 // Indexing of the portals follows the generation order of portals in the
 // CylinderVolumeBounds and BevelledCylinderVolumeBounds (latter for wrapping)
 //
 // In short:
 //
 // 0: index of the low-z disc bound
 // 1: index of the high-z disc bound
 // 2: index of the outer cylinder bound
 //
 // If the volume doesn't extend inward to inner radius=0:
 // 3: index of the inner cylinder bound
 //
 // Cylindrical sectors have up to 6 portals, enumerated as follows:
 // 0: index of the low-z disc sector bound
 // 1: index of the high-z disc sector bound
 // 2: index of the outer cylinder sector bound
 //
 // If no inner cylinder sector bound is present:
 // 3: index of the low-phi sector bound
 // 4: index of the high-phi sector bound
 // If an inner cylinder sector bound exists, it takes index 3 and the phi sector
 // bounds are shifted by one index: 3: index of the inner cylinder sector bound
 // 4: index of the low-phi sector bound
 // 5: index of the high-phi sector bound
 //
 
 namespace {
 
 /// @brief Helper function to create a disc portal replacement
 ///
 /// @param transform The transform of the newly created portal
 /// @param rBoundaries the vector of binning boundaries in r
 /// @param phiBoundaries an eventual phi sector value
 /// @param dir the  direction to be set
 ///
 /// @return a new portal replacement object
 Acts::Experimental::PortalReplacement createDiscReplacement(
     const Acts::Transform3& transform,
     const std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar>& rBoundaries,
     const std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar>& phiBoundaries, unsigned int index,
     Acts::Direction dir) {
   // Autodetector stitch value
   Acts::BinningValue stitchValue =
       phiBoundaries.size() == 2u ? Acts::binR : Acts::binPhi;
   // Estimate ranges
   auto [minR, maxR] = Acts::min_max(rBoundaries);
   auto [sectorPhi, avgPhi] = Acts::range_medium(phiBoundaries);
 
   // Transform and bounds
   auto bounds =
       std::make_unique<Acts::RadialBounds>(minR, maxR, 0.5 * sectorPhi, avgPhi);
   // A new surface on the negative side over the full range
   auto surface = Acts::Surface::makeShared<Acts::DiscSurface>(
       transform, std::move(bounds));
   // Make a portal and indicate the new link direction
   const auto& stitchBoundaries =
       (stitchValue == Acts::binR) ? rBoundaries : phiBoundaries;
   return Acts::Experimental::PortalReplacement(
       std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::Portal>(surface), index, dir,
       stitchBoundaries, stitchValue);
 }
 
 /// @brief Helper function to create a cylinder portal replacement
 ///
 /// @param transform The transform of the newly created portal
 /// @param r is the radius of the cylinder
 /// @param zBoundaries the vector of binning boundaries
 /// @param phiBoundaries the vector of binning boundaries
 /// @param index the index of this portal to be set
 /// @param dir the navigation direction to be set
 ///
 /// @return a new portal replacement object
 Acts::Experimental::PortalReplacement createCylinderReplacement(
     const Acts::Transform3& transform, Acts::ActsScalar r,
     const std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar>& zBoundaries,
     const std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar>& phiBoundaries, unsigned int index,
     Acts::Direction dir) {
   // Autodetector stitch value
   Acts::BinningValue stitchValue =
       phiBoundaries.size() == 2u ? Acts::binZ : Acts::binPhi;
   auto [lengthZ, medZ] = Acts::range_medium(zBoundaries);
   auto [sectorPhi, avgPhi] = Acts::range_medium(phiBoundaries);
 
   // New bounds, with current length and sector values
   auto bounds = std::make_unique<Acts::CylinderBounds>(r, 0.5 * lengthZ,
                                                        0.5 * sectorPhi, avgPhi);
   // A new surface on the negative side over the full range
   auto surface = Acts::Surface::makeShared<Acts::CylinderSurface>(
       transform, std::move(bounds));
 
   // A make a portal and indicate the new link direction
   const auto& stitchBoundaries =
       (stitchValue == Acts::binZ) ? zBoundaries : phiBoundaries;
   return Acts::Experimental::PortalReplacement(
       std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::Portal>(surface), index, dir,
       stitchBoundaries, stitchValue);
 }
 
 /// @brief Helper function to create a disc portal replacement
 /// @param gcxt the geometry context of this call
 /// @param volumeCenter a reference center of the volume (combined)
 /// @param refSurface the reference surface (old portal)
 /// @param boundaries the vector of binning boundaries in r
 /// @param binning the binning of the sector (inR, inZ)
 /// @param index the index of this portal to be set
 /// @param dir the navigation direction to be set
 ///
 /// @return a new portal replacement object
 Acts::Experimental::PortalReplacement createSectorReplacement(
     const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx, const Acts::Vector3& volumeCenter,
     const Acts::Surface& refSurface,
     const std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar>& boundaries, Acts::BinningValue binning,
     unsigned int index, Acts::Direction dir) {
   // Get a reference transform
   const auto& refTransform = refSurface.transform(gctx);
   auto refRotation = refTransform.rotation();
   // Bounds handling
   const auto& boundValues = refSurface.bounds().values();
   std::unique_ptr<Acts::PlanarBounds> bounds = nullptr;
 
   // Create a new transform
   Acts::Transform3 transform = Acts::Transform3::Identity();
   if (binning == Acts::binR) {
     // Range and center-r calculation
     auto [range, medium] = Acts::range_medium(boundaries);
     // New joint center:
     // - you start from the center of the volume, and then head the distence
     //   of medium-r along the y-axis of the former (and new) portal
     Acts::Vector3 pCenter = volumeCenter + medium * refRotation.col(1u);
     transform.pretranslate(pCenter);
     // Create the halflength
     Acts::ActsScalar halfX =
         0.5 * (boundValues[Acts::RectangleBounds::BoundValues::eMaxX] -
                boundValues[Acts::RectangleBounds::BoundValues::eMinX]);
     // New joint bounds
     bounds = std::make_unique<Acts::RectangleBounds>(halfX, 0.5 * range);
   } else if (binning == Acts::binZ) {
     // Range and medium z alculation
     auto [range, medium] = Acts::range_medium(boundaries);
     // Center R calculation, using projection onto vector
     const auto& surfaceCenter = refSurface.center(gctx);
     Acts::Vector3 centerDiffs = (surfaceCenter - volumeCenter);
     Acts::ActsScalar centerR = centerDiffs.dot(refRotation.col(2));
     // New joint center
     Acts::Vector3 pCenter = volumeCenter + centerR * refRotation.col(2);
     transform.pretranslate(pCenter);
     // New joint bounds
     Acts::ActsScalar halfY =
         0.5 * (boundValues[Acts::RectangleBounds::BoundValues::eMaxY] -
                boundValues[Acts::RectangleBounds::BoundValues::eMinY]);
     bounds = std::make_unique<Acts::RectangleBounds>(0.5 * range, halfY);
   }
   // Set the rotation
   transform.prerotate(refRotation);
   // A new surface on the negative side over the full range
   auto surface = Acts::Surface::makeShared<Acts::PlaneSurface>(
       transform, std::move(bounds));
   // A make a portal and indicate the new link direction
   Acts::Experimental::PortalReplacement pRep = {
       std::make_shared<Acts::Experimental::Portal>(surface), index, dir,
       boundaries, binning};
   return pRep;
 }
 
 /// @brief Helper method to check the volumes in general and throw and exception if fails
 ///
 /// @param gctx the geometry context
 /// @param volumes the input volumes to be checked
 ///
 /// @note throws exception if any of checks fails
 void checkVolumes(
     const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx,
     const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Acts::Experimental::DetectorVolume>>&
         volumes) {
   // A minimal set of checks - exceptions are thrown
   // - not enough volumes given
   std::string message = "CylindricalDetectorHelper: ";
   if (volumes.size() < 2u) {
     message += std::string("not enough volume given (") +
                std::to_string(volumes.size());
     message += std::string(" ), when required >=2.");
     throw std::invalid_argument(message.c_str());
   }
   // - null pointer detected or non-cylindrical volume detected
   for (auto [iv, v] : Acts::enumerate(volumes)) {
     // Check for nullptr
     if (v == nullptr) {
       message += std::string("nullptr detector instead of volume " +
                              std::to_string(iv));
       throw std::invalid_argument(message.c_str());
     }
     // Check for cylindrical volume type
     if (v->volumeBounds().type() != Acts::VolumeBounds::BoundsType::eCylinder) {
       message +=
           std::string("non-cylindrical volume bounds detected for volume " +
                       std::to_string(iv));
       throw std::invalid_argument(message.c_str());
     }
   }
   // Check the alignment of the volumes
   Acts::Experimental::detail::DetectorVolumeConsistency::checkRotationAlignment(
       gctx, volumes);
 }
 
 /// @brief Helper method to check the volume bounds
 ///
 /// @param gctx the geometry context
 /// @param volumes the input volumes to be checked
 /// @param refCur reference versus current check
 ///
 /// @note throws exception if any of checks fails
 void checkBounds(
     [[maybe_unused]] const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx,
     const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Acts::Experimental::DetectorVolume>>&
         volumes,
     const std::vector<std::array<unsigned int, 2u>>& refCur) {
   // Reference values
   auto refValues = volumes[0u]->volumeBounds().values();
   for (auto [iv, v] : Acts::enumerate(volumes)) {
     if (iv > 0u) {
       auto curValues = v->volumeBounds().values();
       for (auto [r, c] : refCur) {
         if (std::abs(refValues[r] - curValues[c]) >
             Acts::s_onSurfaceTolerance) {
           std::string message = "CylindricalDetectorHelper: '";
           message += volumes[iv - 1]->name();
           if (r != c) {
             message += "' does not attach to '";
           } else {
             message += "' does not match with '";
           }
           message += volumes[iv]->name();
           message += "'\n";
           message += " - at bound values ";
           message += std::to_string(refValues[r]);
           message += " / " + std::to_string(curValues[c]);
           throw std::runtime_error(message.c_str());
         }
       }
       refValues = curValues;
     }
   }
 }
 
 }  // namespace
 
 Acts::Experimental::DetectorComponent::PortalContainer
 Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::connectInR(
     const GeometryContext& gctx,
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Experimental::DetectorVolume>>& volumes,
     const std::vector<unsigned int>& selectedOnly,
     Acts::Logging::Level logLevel) {
   // Basic checks for eligability of the volumes
   checkVolumes(gctx, volumes);
   // Check for bounds values of volumes (i) and (i+1) succesively for
   // compatibility:
   // - check outer (1u) of volume (i) vs inner radius (0u) of volume (i+1)
   // - phi sector (3u) and average phi (4u) between volumes (i), (i+1)
   std::vector<std::array<unsigned int, 2u>> checks = {
       {1u, 0u}, {3u, 3u}, {4u, 4u}};
   // - And we check the half length if it is not a selective attachment
   if (selectedOnly.empty()) {
     checks.push_back({2u, 2u});
   }
   checkBounds(gctx, volumes, checks);
 
   // The local logger
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("CylindricalDetectorHelper", logLevel));
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Connect " << volumes.size() << " detector volumes in R.");
 
   // Return proto container
   DetectorComponent::PortalContainer dShell;
 
   // Innermost volume boundaries
   std::vector<ActsScalar> rBoundaries = {};
   auto refValues = volumes[0u]->volumeBounds().values();
 
   // Reference boundary values
   rBoundaries.push_back(refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMinR]);
   rBoundaries.push_back(refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMaxR]);
 
   // Connect in R ? (2u is the index of the outer cylinder)
   bool connectR = selectedOnly.empty() ||
                   std::find(selectedOnly.begin(), selectedOnly.end(), 2u) !=
                       selectedOnly.end();
 
   // Get phi sector and average phi
   ActsScalar phiSector =
       refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector];
   ActsScalar avgPhi = refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eAveragePhi];
 
   // Fuse the cylinders
   for (unsigned int iv = 1; iv < volumes.size(); ++iv) {
     refValues = volumes[iv]->volumeBounds().values();
     // Keep on collecting the outside maximum r for the overall r boundaries
     rBoundaries.push_back(refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMaxR]);
     // Only connect if configured to do so
     if (connectR) {
       ACTS_VERBOSE("Connect volume '" << volumes[iv - 1]->name() << "' to "
                                       << volumes[iv]->name() << "'.");
 
       // Fusing cylinders from inner and outer volume
       auto innerCylinder = volumes[iv - 1]->portalPtrs()[2u];
       auto outerCylinder = volumes[iv]->portalPtrs()[3u];
       auto fusedCylinder = Portal::fuse(innerCylinder, outerCylinder);
       volumes[iv - 1]->updatePortal(fusedCylinder, 2u);
       volumes[iv]->updatePortal(fusedCylinder, 3u);
     }
   }
 
   // Proto container setting
   if (connectR) {
     // The number of portals indicate again if the inner is present or not,
     if (volumes[0u]->portals().size() == 4u ||
         volumes[0u]->portals().size() == 6u) {
       dShell[3u] = volumes[0u]->portalPtrs()[3u];
     }
     dShell[2u] = volumes[volumes.size() - 1u]->portalPtrs()[2u];
   }
 
   // Check if sectors are present by the number of portals, check is done on the
   // outermost volume as this is required to have an inner cylinder, and hence
   // no offset needs to be respected
   bool sectorsPresent = volumes[volumes.size() - 1u]->portals().size() > 4u;
 
   // A portal replacement, it comprises of the portal, the index, the
   // direction, the binning and bins
   std::vector<PortalReplacement> pReplacements = {};
 
   // Disc assignments are forward for negative disc, backward for positive
   std::vector<Acts::Direction> discDirs = {Acts::Direction::Forward,
                                            Acts::Direction::Backward};
   for (const auto [iu, idir] : enumerate(discDirs)) {
     if (selectedOnly.empty() ||
         std::find(selectedOnly.begin(), selectedOnly.end(), iu) !=
             selectedOnly.end()) {
       const Surface& refSurface = volumes[0u]->portals()[iu]->surface();
       const Transform3& refTransform = refSurface.transform(gctx);
       pReplacements.push_back(createDiscReplacement(
           refTransform, rBoundaries, {avgPhi - phiSector, avgPhi + phiSector},
           iu, idir));
     }
   }
 
   // If volume sectors are present, these have to be respected
   if (sectorsPresent) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("Sector planes are present, they need replacement.");
     // Sector assignments are forward backward
     std::vector<Acts::Direction> sectorDirs = {Acts::Direction::Forward,
                                                Acts::Direction::Backward};
     Acts::Vector3 vCenter = volumes[0u]->transform(gctx).translation();
     for (const auto [iu, idir] : enumerate(sectorDirs)) {
       // (iu + 4u) corresponds to the indices of the phi-low and phi-high sector
       // planes.
       if (selectedOnly.empty() ||
           std::find(selectedOnly.begin(), selectedOnly.end(), iu + 4u) !=
               selectedOnly.end()) {
         // As it is r-wrapping, the inner tube is guaranteed
         const Surface& refSurface =
             volumes[volumes.size() - 1u]->portals()[iu + 4u]->surface();
         pReplacements.push_back(createSectorReplacement(
             gctx, vCenter, refSurface, rBoundaries, Acts::binR, iu + 4u, idir));
       }
     }
   } else {
     ACTS_VERBOSE(
         "No sector planes present, full 2 * M_PI cylindrical geometry.");
   }
 
   // Attach the new volume multi links
   PortalHelper::attachDetectorVolumeUpdaters(gctx, volumes, pReplacements);
 
   // Exchange the portals of the volumes
   ACTS_VERBOSE("Portals of " << volumes.size() << " volumes need updating.");
   // Exchange the portals of the volumes
   for (auto& iv : volumes) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("- update portals of volume '" << iv->name() << "'.");
     for (auto& [p, i, dir, boundaries, binning] : pReplacements) {
       // Fill the map
       dShell[i] = p;
 
       // Potential offset for tube vs/ cylinder
       // - if the volume doesn't have an inner portal, indices need to
       //   be shifted by -1 to update the correct index, that's the case for
       //   size 3 and 5 for portals
       std::size_t nPortals = iv->portals().size();
       bool innerPresent = (nPortals == 3u || nPortals == 5u);
       int iOffset = (innerPresent && i > 2u) ? -1 : 0;
       ACTS_VERBOSE("-- update portal with index "
                    << i + iOffset << " (including offset " << iOffset << ")");
       iv->updatePortal(p, static_cast<unsigned int>(i + iOffset));
     }
   }
   // Done.
   return dShell;
 }
 
 Acts::Experimental::DetectorComponent::PortalContainer
 Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::connectInZ(
     const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx,
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Acts::Experimental::DetectorVolume>>& volumes,
     const std::vector<unsigned int>& selectedOnly,
     Acts::Logging::Level logLevel) {
   // Basic checks for eligability of the volumes
   checkVolumes(gctx, volumes);
   // Check for bounds compatibility
   // We check phi sector (3u) and average phi (4u)
   std::vector<std::array<unsigned int, 2u>> checks = {{3u, 3u}, {4u, 4u}};
   // And we check the inner radius [0u], outer radius[1u] if it is not a
   // selective attachment
   if (selectedOnly.empty()) {
     checks.push_back({0u, 0u});
     checks.push_back({1u, 1u});
   }
   checkBounds(gctx, volumes, checks);
 
   // The local logger
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("CylindricalDetectorHelper", logLevel));
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Connect " << volumes.size() << " detector volumes in Z.");
 
   // Return proto container
   DetectorComponent::PortalContainer dShell;
 
   // Connect in Z ?
   // - 1u corresponds to the index of the high-z disc portal for the reference
   // volume.
   bool connectZ = selectedOnly.empty() ||
                   std::find(selectedOnly.begin(), selectedOnly.end(), 1u) !=
                       selectedOnly.end();
   // Reference z axis
   const auto rotation = volumes[0u]->transform(gctx).rotation();
 
   std::vector<Vector3> zBoundaries3D = {};
 
   /// @brief  Add the z boundary
   /// @param gctx the geometry context
   /// @param volume the volume
   /// @param side side value
   auto addZboundary3D = [&](const Experimental::DetectorVolume& volume,
                             int side) -> void {
     const auto boundValues = volume.volumeBounds().values();
     ActsScalar halflengthZ =
         boundValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ];
     zBoundaries3D.push_back(volume.transform(gctx).translation() +
                             side * halflengthZ * rotation.col(2));
   };
 
   // Fuse the discs - portals can be reused
   addZboundary3D(*volumes[0u].get(), -1);
   addZboundary3D(*volumes[0u].get(), 1);
   for (unsigned int iv = 1; iv < volumes.size(); ++iv) {
     // Add the z boundary
     addZboundary3D(*volumes[iv].get(), 1u);
     // Do the connection
     if (connectZ) {
       ACTS_VERBOSE("Connect volume '" << volumes[iv - 1]->name() << "' to "
                                       << volumes[iv]->name() << "'.");
       // Fusing the discs: positive at lower z, negative at hgiher z
       auto& pDisc = volumes[iv - 1]->portalPtrs()[1u];
       auto& nDisc = volumes[iv]->portalPtrs()[0u];
       // Throw an exception if the discs are not at the same position
       Vector3 pPosition = pDisc->surface().center(gctx);
       Vector3 nPosition = nDisc->surface().center(gctx);
       if (!pPosition.isApprox(nPosition)) {
         std::string message = "CylindricalDetectorHelper: '";
         message += volumes[iv - 1]->name();
         message += "' does not attach to '";
         message += volumes[iv]->name();
         message += "'\n";
         message += " - along z with values ";
         message += Acts::toString(pPosition);
         message += " / " + Acts::toString(nPosition);
         throw std::runtime_error(message.c_str());
       }
       auto fusedDisc = Portal::fuse(pDisc, nDisc);
       volumes[iv - 1]->updatePortal(fusedDisc, 1u);
       volumes[iv]->updatePortal(fusedDisc, 0u);
     }
   }
 
   // Register what we have from the container
   if (connectZ) {
     dShell[0u] = volumes[0u]->portalPtrs()[0u];
     dShell[1u] = volumes[volumes.size() - 1u]->portalPtrs()[1u];
   }
 
   // Centre of gravity
   Vector3 combinedCenter =
       0.5 * (zBoundaries3D[zBoundaries3D.size() - 1u] + zBoundaries3D[0u]);
 
   ACTS_VERBOSE("New combined center calculated at "
                << toString(combinedCenter));
 
   // Evaluate the series of z boundaries
   std::vector<ActsScalar> zBoundaries = {};
   for (const auto& zb3D : zBoundaries3D) {
     auto proj3D = (zb3D - combinedCenter).dot(rotation.col(2));
     ActsScalar zBoundary =
         std::copysign((zb3D - combinedCenter).norm(), proj3D);
     zBoundaries.push_back(zBoundary);
   }
 
   Transform3 combinedTransform = Transform3::Identity();
   combinedTransform.pretranslate(combinedCenter);
   combinedTransform.rotate(rotation);
 
   // Get phi sector and average phi
   const auto& refVolume = volumes[0u];
   const auto refValues = refVolume->volumeBounds().values();
 
   // Get phi sector and average phi
   ActsScalar minR = refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMinR];
   ActsScalar maxR = refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMaxR];
   ActsScalar phiSector =
       refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector];
   ActsScalar avgPhi = refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eAveragePhi];
 
   // Check if inner cylinder and sectors are present by the number of portals
   std::size_t nPortals = volumes[volumes.size() - 1u]->portals().size();
   bool innerPresent = (nPortals != 3u && nPortals != 5u);
   bool sectorsPresent = nPortals > 4u;
 
   // A portal replacement, it comprises of the portal, the index, the
   // direction, the binning and bins
   std::vector<PortalReplacement> pReplacements = {};
 
   // Disc assignments are forward for negative disc, backward for positive
   std::vector<Acts::Direction> cylinderDirs = {Acts::Direction::Backward};
   // Cylinder radii
   std::vector<Acts::ActsScalar> cylinderR = {maxR};
   if (innerPresent) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("Inner surface present, tube geometry detected.");
     cylinderDirs.push_back(Direction::Forward);
     cylinderR.push_back(minR);
   } else {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("No inner surface present, solid cylinder geometry detected.");
   }
   // Tube/cylinder offset
   unsigned int iSecOffset = innerPresent ? 4u : 3u;
   // Prepare the cylinder replacements
   for (const auto [iu, idir] : enumerate(cylinderDirs)) {
     if (selectedOnly.empty() ||
         std::find(selectedOnly.begin(), selectedOnly.end(), iu + 2u) !=
             selectedOnly.end()) {
       pReplacements.push_back(createCylinderReplacement(
           combinedTransform, cylinderR[iu], zBoundaries,
           {avgPhi - phiSector, avgPhi + phiSector}, iu + 2u, idir));
     }
   }
 
   // Prepare the sector side replacements
   if (sectorsPresent) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("Sector planes are present, they need replacement.");
     // Sector assignmenta are forward backward
     std::vector<Acts::Direction> sectorDirs = {Acts::Direction::Forward,
                                                Acts::Direction::Backward};
     for (const auto [iu, idir] : enumerate(sectorDirs)) {
       // Access with 3u or 4u but always write 4u (to be caught later)
       if (selectedOnly.empty() ||
           std::find(selectedOnly.begin(), selectedOnly.end(), iu + 4u) !=
               selectedOnly.end()) {
         const Surface& refSurface =
             volumes[0u]->portals()[iu + iSecOffset]->surface();
         pReplacements.push_back(
             createSectorReplacement(gctx, combinedCenter, refSurface,
                                     zBoundaries, Acts::binZ, iu + 4u, idir));
       }
     }
   } else {
     ACTS_VERBOSE(
         "No sector planes present, full 2 * M_PI cylindrical geometry.");
   }
 
   // Attach the new volume multi links
   PortalHelper::attachDetectorVolumeUpdaters(gctx, volumes, pReplacements);
 
   // Exchange the portals of the volumes
   ACTS_VERBOSE("Portals of " << volumes.size() << " volumes need updating.");
   for (auto& iv : volumes) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("- update portals of volume '" << iv->name() << "'.");
     for (auto& [p, i, dir, boundaries, binning] : pReplacements) {
       // Potential offset for tube vs/ cylinder
       // if the volume doesn't have an inner portal, indices need to be shifted
       // by -1 to update the correct index.
       int iOffset = (i > 2u && !innerPresent) ? -1 : 0;
       ACTS_VERBOSE("-- update portal with index " << i);
       iv->updatePortal(p, static_cast<unsigned int>(i + iOffset));
       // Fill the map
       dShell[i] = p;
     }
   }
   // Done.
   return dShell;
 }
 
 Acts::Experimental::DetectorComponent::PortalContainer
 Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::connectInPhi(
     const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx,
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Acts::Experimental::DetectorVolume>>& volumes,
     const std::vector<unsigned int>& /*selectedOnly*/,
     Acts::Logging::Level logLevel) {
   // Basic checks for eligability of the volumes
   checkVolumes(gctx, volumes);
 
   // The local logger
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("CylindricalDetectorHelper", logLevel));
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Connect " << volumes.size() << " detector volumes in phi.");
 
   // Return proto container
   DetectorComponent::PortalContainer dShell;
 
   // Check if inner cylinder and sectors are present by the number of portals
   std::size_t nPortals = volumes[volumes.size() - 1u]->portals().size();
   bool innerPresent = (nPortals != 3u && nPortals != 5u);
 
   Transform3 refTransform = volumes[0u]->transform(gctx);
 
   // Sector offset
   unsigned int iSecOffset = innerPresent ? 4u : 3u;
   std::vector<ActsScalar> phiBoundaries = {};
   auto refValues = volumes[0u]->volumeBounds().values();
   phiBoundaries.push_back(
       refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eAveragePhi] -
       refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector]);
   phiBoundaries.push_back(
       refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eAveragePhi] +
       refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector]);
   // Fuse the sectors
   for (unsigned int iv = 1; iv < volumes.size(); ++iv) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("Connect volume '" << volumes[iv - 1]->name() << "' to "
                                     << volumes[iv]->name() << "'.");
 
     // Fuse sector surfaces r handed at lower index, l handed at higher index
     auto& rSector = volumes[iv - 1]->portalPtrs()[iSecOffset + 1u];
     auto& lSector = volumes[iv]->portalPtrs()[iSecOffset];
     auto fusedSector = Portal::fuse(rSector, lSector);
     volumes[iv - 1]->updatePortal(fusedSector, iSecOffset + 1u);
     volumes[iv]->updatePortal(fusedSector, iSecOffset);
     // The current values
     auto curValues = volumes[iv]->volumeBounds().values();
     // Bail out if they do not match
     ActsScalar lowPhi =
         curValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eAveragePhi] -
         curValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector];
     ActsScalar highPhi =
         curValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eAveragePhi] +
         curValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfPhiSector];
     // Check phi attachment
     if (std::abs(phiBoundaries[phiBoundaries.size() - 1u] - lowPhi) >
         Acts::s_onSurfaceTolerance) {
       std::string message = "CylindricalDetectorHelper: '";
       message += volumes[iv - 1]->name();
       message += "' does not attach to '";
       message += volumes[iv]->name();
       message += "'\n";
       message += " - within phi sectors ";
       message += std::to_string(lowPhi);
       message +=
           " / " + std::to_string(phiBoundaries[phiBoundaries.size() - 1u]);
       throw std::runtime_error(message.c_str());
     }
     // Check radial and longitudinal compatibility - @TODO
     phiBoundaries.push_back(highPhi);
     // Recursive setting of the values
     refValues = curValues;
   }
 
   // A portal replacement, it comprises of the portal, the index, the
   // direction, the binning and bins
   std::vector<PortalReplacement> pReplacements = {};
   // Negative disc
   pReplacements.push_back(createDiscReplacement(
       refTransform,
       {refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMinR],
        refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMaxR]},
       phiBoundaries, 0u, Acts::Direction::Forward));
 
   // Positive disc
   pReplacements.push_back(createDiscReplacement(
       refTransform,
       {refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMinR],
        refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMaxR]},
       phiBoundaries, 1u, Acts::Direction::Backward));
 
   // Outside cylinder
   pReplacements.push_back(createCylinderReplacement(
       refTransform, refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMaxR],
       {-refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ],
        refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ]},
       phiBoundaries, 2u, Acts::Direction::Backward));
 
   // If the volume has a different inner radius than 0, it MUST have
   // an inner cylinder
   if (refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMinR] > 0.) {
     // Inner cylinder
     pReplacements.push_back(createCylinderReplacement(
         refTransform, refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMinR],
         {-refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ],
          refValues[CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ]},
         phiBoundaries, 3u, Acts::Direction::Forward));
   }
 
   // Attach the new volume multi links
   PortalHelper::attachDetectorVolumeUpdaters(gctx, volumes, pReplacements);
   // Exchange the portals of the volumes
   ACTS_VERBOSE("Portals of " << volumes.size() << " volumes need updating.");
   for (auto& iv : volumes) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE("- update portals of volume '" << iv->name() << "'.");
     for (auto& [p, i, dir, boundaries, binning] : pReplacements) {
       ACTS_VERBOSE("-- update portal with index " << i);
       iv->updatePortal(p, static_cast<unsigned int>(i));
       // Fill the map
       dShell[i] = p;
     }
   }
 
   // Done.
   return dShell;
 }
 
 Acts::Experimental::DetectorComponent::PortalContainer
 Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::wrapInZR(
     const Acts::GeometryContext& gctx,
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Acts::Experimental::DetectorVolume>>& volumes,
     Acts::Logging::Level logLevel) {
   // The local logger
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("CylindricalDetectorHelper", logLevel));
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Wrapping volumes in Z-R.");
 
   // Minimal set of checks
   if (volumes.size() != 2u) {
     throw std::invalid_argument(
         "Wrapping the detector volume requires exactly 2 volumes.");
   }
 
   // Return the new container
   DetectorComponent::PortalContainer dShell;
 
   // Keep the outer shells
   dShell[0u] = volumes[1u]->portalPtrs()[0u];
   dShell[1u] = volumes[1u]->portalPtrs()[1u];
   dShell[2u] = volumes[1u]->portalPtrs()[2u];
 
   // Fuse outer cover of first with inner cylinder of wrapping volume
   auto& outerCover = volumes[0u]->portalPtrs()[2u];
   auto& innerCover = volumes[1u]->portalPtrs()[3u];
   auto fusedCover = Portal::fuse(outerCover, innerCover);
   volumes[0u]->updatePortal(fusedCover, 2u);
   volumes[1u]->updatePortal(fusedCover, 3u);
 
   // Stitch sides - negative
   auto& firstDiscN = volumes[1u]->portalPtrs()[4u];
   auto& secondDiscN = volumes[0u]->portalPtrs()[0u];
   auto fusedDiscN = Portal::fuse(firstDiscN, secondDiscN);
   volumes[1u]->updatePortal(fusedDiscN, 4u);
   volumes[0u]->updatePortal(fusedDiscN, 0u);
 
   // Stich sides - positive
   auto& firstDiscP = volumes[0u]->portalPtrs()[1u];
   auto& secondDiscP = volumes[1u]->portalPtrs()[5u];
   auto fusedDiscP = Portal::fuse(firstDiscP, secondDiscP);
   volumes[0u]->updatePortal(fusedDiscP, 1u);
   volumes[1u]->updatePortal(fusedDiscP, 5u);
 
   // If needed, insert new cylinder
   if (volumes[0u]->portalPtrs().size() == 4u &&
       volumes[1u]->portalPtrs().size() == 8u) {
     const auto* cylVolBounds =
         dynamic_cast<const CylinderVolumeBounds*>(&volumes[0u]->volumeBounds());
     const auto* ccylVolBounds = dynamic_cast<const CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds*>(
         &volumes[1u]->volumeBounds());
     if (cylVolBounds == nullptr || ccylVolBounds == nullptr) {
       throw std::invalid_argument(
           "Wrapping the detector volume requires a cylinder and a cutout "
           "cylinder volume.");
     }
     // We need a new cylinder spanning over the entire inner tube
     ActsScalar hlZ = cylVolBounds->get(
         Acts::CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ);
     ActsScalar HlZ = ccylVolBounds->get(
         Acts::CutoutCylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ);
     ActsScalar innerR =
         cylVolBounds->get(CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eMinR);
     // Create the inner replacement
     std::vector<PortalReplacement> pReplacements;
     pReplacements.push_back(createCylinderReplacement(
         volumes[0u]->transform(gctx), innerR, {-HlZ, -hlZ, hlZ, HlZ},
         {-M_PI, M_PI}, 3u, Direction::Forward));
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>> zVolumes = {
         volumes[1u], volumes[0u], volumes[1u]};
     // Attach the new volume multi links
     PortalHelper::attachDetectorVolumeUpdaters(gctx, zVolumes, pReplacements);
     auto& [p, i, dir, boundaries, binning] = pReplacements[0u];
     // Update the portals
     volumes[1u]->updatePortal(p, 6u);
     volumes[0u]->updatePortal(p, 3u);
     volumes[1u]->updatePortal(p, 7u);
     // Inner skin
     dShell[3u] = p;
   }
   // Done.
   return dShell;
 }
 
 Acts::Experimental::DetectorComponent::PortalContainer
 Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::connectInR(
     const GeometryContext& gctx,
     const std::vector<DetectorComponent::PortalContainer>& containers,
     const std::vector<unsigned int>& selectedOnly,
     Acts::Logging::Level logLevel) noexcept(false) {
   // The local logger
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("CylindricalDetectorHelper", logLevel));
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Connect " << containers.size() << " proto containers in R.");
 
   // Return the new container
   DetectorComponent::PortalContainer dShell;
 
   // Fuse the cylinders - portals can be reused for this operation
   for (unsigned int ic = 1; ic < containers.size(); ++ic) {
     auto& formerContainer = containers[ic - 1];
     auto& currentContainer = containers[ic];
     // Check and throw exception
     if (formerContainer.find(2u) == formerContainer.end()) {
       throw std::invalid_argument(
           "CylindricalDetectorHelper: proto container has no outer cover, "
           "can "
           "not be connected in R");
     }
     if (currentContainer.find(3u) == currentContainer.end()) {
       throw std::invalid_argument(
           "CylindricalDetectorHelper: proto container has no inner cover, "
           "can "
           "not be connected in R");
     }
 
     // Fuse containers, and update the attached volumes
     std::shared_ptr<Portal> innerCylinder = containers[ic - 1].find(2u)->second;
     // Direction is explicitly addressed with a direction index
     auto innerAttachedVolumes =
         innerCylinder
             ->attachedDetectorVolumes()[Direction(Direction::Backward).index()];
     std::shared_ptr<Portal> outerCylinder = containers[ic].find(3u)->second;
     auto outerAttachedVolume =
         outerCylinder
             ->attachedDetectorVolumes()[Direction(Direction::Forward).index()];
     auto fusedCylinder = Portal::fuse(innerCylinder, outerCylinder);
 
     // Update the attached volumes with the new portal
     std::for_each(innerAttachedVolumes.begin(), innerAttachedVolumes.end(),
                   [&](std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>& av) {
                     av->updatePortal(fusedCylinder, 2u);
                   });
     std::for_each(outerAttachedVolume.begin(), outerAttachedVolume.end(),
                   [&](std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>& av) {
                     av->updatePortal(fusedCylinder, 3u);
                   });
   }
 
   // Proto container refurbishment
   if (containers[0u].find(3u) != containers[0u].end()) {
     dShell[3u] = containers[0u].find(3u)->second;
   }
   dShell[2u] = containers[containers.size() - 1u].find(2u)->second;
 
   auto sideVolumes = PortalHelper::stripSideVolumes(
       containers, {0u, 1u, 4u, 5u}, selectedOnly, logLevel);
 
   for (auto [s, volumes] : sideVolumes) {
     auto pR = connectInR(gctx, volumes, {s});
     if (pR.find(s) != pR.end()) {
       dShell[s] = pR.find(s)->second;
     }
   }
 
   // Done.
   return dShell;
 }
 
 Acts::Experimental::DetectorComponent::PortalContainer
 Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::connectInZ(
     const GeometryContext& gctx,
     const std::vector<DetectorComponent::PortalContainer>& containers,
     const std::vector<unsigned int>& selectedOnly,
     Acts::Logging::Level logLevel) noexcept(false) {
   // The local logger
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("CylindricalDetectorHelper", logLevel));
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Connect " << containers.size() << " proto containers in Z.");
 
   // Return the new container
   DetectorComponent::PortalContainer dShell;
 
   for (unsigned int ic = 1; ic < containers.size(); ++ic) {
     auto& formerContainer = containers[ic - 1];
     auto& currentContainer = containers[ic];
     // Check and throw exception
     if (formerContainer.find(1u) == formerContainer.end()) {
       throw std::invalid_argument(
           "CylindricalDetectorHelper: proto container has no negative disc, "
           "can not be connected in Z");
     }
     if (currentContainer.find(0u) == currentContainer.end()) {
       throw std::invalid_argument(
           "CylindricalDetectorHelper: proto container has no positive disc, "
           "can not be connected in Z");
     }
     // Container attachment positive Disc of lower, negative Disc at higher
     std::shared_ptr<Portal> pDisc = formerContainer.find(1u)->second;
     auto pAttachedVolumes =
         pDisc
             ->attachedDetectorVolumes()[Direction(Direction::Backward).index()];
 
     std::shared_ptr<Portal> nDisc = currentContainer.find(0u)->second;
     auto nAttachedVolumes =
         nDisc->attachedDetectorVolumes()[Direction(Direction::Forward).index()];
 
     auto fusedDisc = Portal::fuse(pDisc, nDisc);
 
     std::for_each(pAttachedVolumes.begin(), pAttachedVolumes.end(),
                   [&](std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>& av) {
                     av->updatePortal(fusedDisc, 1u);
                   });
     std::for_each(nAttachedVolumes.begin(), nAttachedVolumes.end(),
                   [&](std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>& av) {
                     av->updatePortal(fusedDisc, 0u);
                   });
   }
 
   // Proto container refurbishment
   dShell[0u] = containers[0u].find(0u)->second;
   dShell[1u] = containers[containers.size() - 1u].find(1u)->second;
 
   // Check if this is a tube or a cylinder container (check done on 1st)
   std::vector<unsigned int> nominalSides = {2u, 4u, 5u};
   if (containers[0u].find(3u) != containers[0u].end()) {
     nominalSides.push_back(3u);
   }
 
   // Strip the side volumes
   auto sideVolumes = PortalHelper::stripSideVolumes(containers, nominalSides,
                                                     selectedOnly, logLevel);
 
   ACTS_VERBOSE("There remain " << sideVolumes.size()
                                << " side volume packs to be connected");
   for (auto [s, volumes] : sideVolumes) {
     ACTS_VERBOSE(" - connect " << volumes.size() << " at selected side " << s);
     auto pR = connectInZ(gctx, volumes, {s}, logLevel);
     if (pR.find(s) != pR.end()) {
       dShell[s] = pR.find(s)->second;
     }
   }
 
   // Done.
   return dShell;
 }
 
 Acts::Experimental::DetectorComponent::PortalContainer
 Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::connectInPhi(
     [[maybe_unused]] const GeometryContext& gctx,
     [[maybe_unused]] const std::vector<DetectorComponent::PortalContainer>&
         containers,
     [[maybe_unused]] const std::vector<unsigned int>& selectedOnly,
     [[maybe_unused]] Acts::Logging::Level logLevel) noexcept(false) {
   throw std::invalid_argument(
       "CylindricalDetectorHelper: container connection in phi not implemented "
       "yet.");
   DetectorComponent::PortalContainer dShell;
   // Done.
   return dShell;
 }
 
 Acts::Experimental::DetectorComponent::PortalContainer
 Acts::Experimental::detail::CylindricalDetectorHelper::wrapInZR(
     [[maybe_unused]] const GeometryContext& gctx,
     const std::vector<DetectorComponent::PortalContainer>& containers,
     Acts::Logging::Level logLevel) {
   if (containers.size() != 2u) {
     throw std::invalid_argument(
         "CylindricalDetectorHelper: wrapping must take exactly two "
         "containers.");
   }
 
   // The inner one is a container
   auto innerContainer = containers.front();
   // The outer one is a single volume represented as a container
   auto outerContainer = containers.back();
   std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume> wrappingVolume = nullptr;
   for (auto [key, value] : outerContainer) {
     auto attachedVolumes = value->attachedDetectorVolumes();
     for (const auto& ava : attachedVolumes) {
       for (const auto& av : ava) {
         if (wrappingVolume == nullptr && av != nullptr) {
           wrappingVolume = av;
         } else if (wrappingVolume != nullptr && av != wrappingVolume) {
           throw std::invalid_argument(
               "CylindricalDetectorHelper: wrapping container must represent a "
               "single volume.");
         }
       }
     }
   }
   if (wrappingVolume == nullptr) {
     throw std::invalid_argument(
         "CylindricalDetectorHelper: wrapping volume could not be "
         "determined.");
   }
 
   // The local logger
   ACTS_LOCAL_LOGGER(getDefaultLogger("CylindricalDetectorHelper", logLevel));
 
   ACTS_DEBUG("Wrapping a container with volume `" << wrappingVolume->name()
                                                   << "'.");
   // Return the new container
   DetectorComponent::PortalContainer dShell;
 
   // Keep the outer shells of the proto container
   dShell[0u] = wrappingVolume->portalPtrs()[0u];
   dShell[1u] = wrappingVolume->portalPtrs()[1u];
   dShell[2u] = wrappingVolume->portalPtrs()[2u];
 
   // Fuse outer cover of first with inner cylinder of wrapping volume
   auto& innerCover = innerContainer[2u];
   auto innerAttachedVolumes =
       innerCover
           ->attachedDetectorVolumes()[Direction(Direction::Backward).index()];
   auto& innerTube = wrappingVolume->portalPtrs()[3u];
   auto fusedCover = Portal::fuse(innerCover, innerTube);
 
   std::for_each(innerAttachedVolumes.begin(), innerAttachedVolumes.end(),
                 [&](std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>& av) {
                   av->updatePortal(fusedCover, 2u);
                 });
   wrappingVolume->updatePortal(fusedCover, 3u);
 
   // Stitch sides - negative
   // positive disc of lower , negative disc of higher
   auto& firstDiscN = innerContainer[0u];
 
   auto firstNAttachedVolumes =
       firstDiscN
           ->attachedDetectorVolumes()[Direction(Direction::Forward).index()];
 
   auto& secondDiscN = wrappingVolume->portalPtrs()[4u];
   auto fusedDiscN = Portal::fuse(firstDiscN, secondDiscN);
 
   std::for_each(firstNAttachedVolumes.begin(), firstNAttachedVolumes.end(),
                 [&](std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>& av) {
                   av->updatePortal(fusedDiscN, 0u);
                 });
   wrappingVolume->updatePortal(fusedDiscN, 4u);
 
   // Stich sides - positive
   auto& firstDiscP = innerContainer[1u];
   auto firstPAttachedVolumes =
       firstDiscP
           ->attachedDetectorVolumes()[Direction(Direction::Backward).index()];
 
   auto& secondDiscP = wrappingVolume->portalPtrs()[5u];
   auto fusedDiscP = Portal::fuse(firstDiscP, secondDiscP);
 
   std::for_each(firstPAttachedVolumes.begin(), firstPAttachedVolumes.end(),
                 [&](std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>& av) {
                   av->updatePortal(fusedDiscP, 1u);
                 });
 
   wrappingVolume->updatePortal(fusedDiscP, 5u);
 
   // If inner stitching is necessary
   if (innerContainer.size() == 4u &&
       wrappingVolume->portalPtrs().size() == 8u) {
     // Inner Container portal
     auto& centralSegment = innerContainer[3u];
     auto centralValues = centralSegment->surface().bounds().values();
     ActsScalar centralHalfLengthZ =
         centralValues[CylinderBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ];
     // The two segments
     auto& nSegment = wrappingVolume->portalPtrs()[6u];
     auto nValues = nSegment->surface().bounds().values();
     ActsScalar nHalfLengthZ =
         nValues[CylinderBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ];
     auto& pSegment = wrappingVolume->portalPtrs()[7u];
     auto pValues = pSegment->surface().bounds().values();
     ActsScalar pHalfLengthZ =
         pValues[CylinderBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ];
 
     auto sideVolumes =
         PortalHelper::stripSideVolumes({innerContainer}, {3u}, {3u}, logLevel);
 
     // First the left volume sector
     std::vector<std::shared_ptr<DetectorVolume>> innerVolumes = {
         wrappingVolume->getSharedPtr()};
 
     std::vector<ActsScalar> zBoundaries = {
         -centralHalfLengthZ - 2 * nHalfLengthZ, centralHalfLengthZ};
     // Loop over side volume and register the z boundaries
     for (auto& svs : sideVolumes) {
       for (auto& v : svs.second) {
         const auto* cylVolBounds =
             dynamic_cast<const CylinderVolumeBounds*>(&v->volumeBounds());
         if (cylVolBounds == nullptr) {
           throw std::invalid_argument(
               "CylindricalDetectorHelper: side volume must be a cylinder.");
         }
         ActsScalar hlZ =
             cylVolBounds->get(CylinderVolumeBounds::BoundValues::eHalfLengthZ);
         zBoundaries.push_back(zBoundaries.back() + 2 * hlZ);
         innerVolumes.push_back(v);
       }
     }
     // Last the right volume sector
     zBoundaries.push_back(zBoundaries.back() + 2 * pHalfLengthZ);
     innerVolumes.push_back(wrappingVolume);
   }
 
   // Done.
   return dShell;
 }

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